The little-remembered ironclad Tecumseh was sunk by a mine 160 years ago. Farragut then ordered 'Damn the torpedoes!' His ships rallied and took Mobile Bay

The Tecumseh buoy is off Fort Morgan; Dauphin Island is in background (Civil War Picket photo)

In mid-April, I traveled with my wife and mom to Gulf Shores, Ala., for a few days away from the hustle and bustle of metro Atlanta. We enjoyed views of Little Lagoon from our porch, nibbled on seafood and, of course, enjoyed the bright sand and blue-green sea.

We added a dollop of Civil War adventure one day, as my wife and I stopped by Fort Morgan on the west end of the peninsula before taking a ferry across Mobile Bay to a reenactment at Fort Gaines -- another Confederate fort -- on Dauphin Island.

From the Fort Morgan State Historic Site parking lot, we walked toward the narrow beach that on Aug. 5, 1864, was right in the middle of the Battle of Mobile Bay. Rebel guns thundered at a Union flotilla just a few hundred yards away. Adm. David Farragut was intent on disabling or sinking the CSS Tennessee and other ships, taking control of the bay and bringing an end to blockade running to and from the port.

USS Tecumseh hits a mine and sinks; Rebel ships are to the left (Library of Congress)

“Where is the USS Tecumseh wreck site?” we asked a park employee who was painting part of a large 32-pounder gun. He pointed toward the beach and signaled we should not expect to see much.

We passed a family that was fishing and eventually saw a multicolored buoy about 300 hundred yards offshore, between channel markers. Mobile Bay’s signature oil platforms and Dauphin Island were in the distance.

Is that the spot where 93 Tecumseh sailors and their commander perished when the ironclad monitor had the misfortune to hit a Confederate mine and sink within minutes, perhaps even 30 seconds?

There’s no sign or marker on the beach, but when I zoomed in with my iPhone camera, I saw a large white “T.”

USS Tecumseh model and Confederate mine replica at Fort Morgan museum (Picket photos)

As we stood there, and in the months since, I have thought about the incongruity of this grave and its recreational and commercial surroundings. It’s hard sometimes to put things into perspective.

I will be thinking Monday of the sacrifice of these men and the valor of the sailors on both sides who clashed near Fort Morgan 160 years ago on that day.

Although the state park has a few relics and a model of the USS Tecumseh in its visitor center, and a sign atop a west-facing parapet mentioning its loss, I wondered whether many folks know the story of the brave crew that led the Union charge.

Americans certainly are familiar with Farragut’s line, “Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead.”

Less known and among Civil War historians and enthusiasts are the reported last words of Tecumseh Commander Tunis Craven (left, photo Library of Congress) moments before the monitor slipped beneath the waves (more on that later in the blog).

This week, I came across an Emerging Civil War blog post that summarized my thinking better than any words I can conjure.

Editor-in-chief Chris Mackowski wrote about the loneliness and constancy of the buoy, which is maintained by the U.S. Navy as a war grave. The site is protected by the Coast Guard.

He mentioned what a colleague wrote: There are no memorials at sea to Civil War sailors who died in combat.

“The buoy used to be farther offshore, but the shore itself has crept closer during the past 159 years,” Mackowski wrote in August 2023. “How can someone lost at sea ever get back to land when the land itself keeps moving?

“That lonely offshore buoy serves as a kind of exception to (the) rule. Something does mark the graves of those men lost at sea. But unless you know what that buoy is, you don’t know it’s a grave marker, a monument, a memorial. Thirty feet below, ninety-four men lay entombed in a capsized iron hulk.”

Why the Navy decided to sail into Mobile Bay

I asked Andy Hall, A Civil War naval expert and author, for his thoughts on the battle and the USS Tecumseh, which he says is shown on modern charts as an unnamed wreck.

“Mobile Bay is an interesting action, and it doesn't get as much notice as it warrants. (None of the naval stuff does.),” he replied in an email. “Mobile was the last port of significance in the Gulf of Mexico that was supplying the Confederates in the Western Theater. Galveston (Texas) remained accessible through the end of the war, but it was honestly too far removed to be of great consequence in the conduct of the war itself.”

American Battlefield Trust map provides overview of campaign

Farragut’s brazen assault was one half of a Union operation. Troops landed on Dauphin Island and laid siege to Fort Gaines, which had few ships to help in its defense. Confederate Col. Charles D. Anderson had half his infantry foe’s number. (Hall wrote about Anderson in his Dead Confederates blog.)

“He is something of a heel among the Confeds for surrendering, but it you read the detailed accounts he really had little choice, with disaffected and near-mutinous troops,” said Hall. “Anderson surrendered his sword to Farragut, who later had it returned to Anderson in respect for his defense of Gaines.”

Hall said the fall of the bay marked a jump in large-scale blockade running in Galveston, which is his focus.

We attended an April battle reenactment at Fort Gaines (Picket photo)

“Denbigh was one of the last runners out of Mobile in 1864, and was destroyed as one of the last two runners trying to get into Galveston in May 1865. I was part of the project that excavated that ship in 1997-2004.”

After the fall of Fort Gaines, Yankee troops moved on Fort Morgan across the bay, forcing its surrender on Aug. 23, 1864. (The state park had a 160th anniversary living history on Saturday, Aug. 3.)

Mobile was heavily fortified and the Union command moved on after securing the bay. The city surrendered in April 1865, three days after Appomattox.

Ironclad braved minefield to protect wooden ship

In its rather brief life, the Tecumseh first experienced Confederate mines and obstructions during operations in the James River in Virginia. Thomas E. Nank, in two articles for the American Battlefield Trust, provides copious details on the “Forgotten Monitor.”

The Union Navy was intent on neutralizing CSS Tennessee, shown after the war. (U.S. Navy)

Before Mobile Bay, Farragut asked for more monitors to challenge the Tennessee and other Confederate warships. The Tecumseh was sent south, and it needed engine work twice on way, including in Pensacola, Fla.

Between 16 and 18 Federal ships, in two lines, would storm past Fort Morgan, trying to get under the guns, enter the bay and take the fight to opposing ships. Craven, who had expressed some doubts about the effectiveness of monitors but agreed to serve, was first in line on Aug. 5.

The commander, as he entered a mine field, decided to make a turn so he could take on the CSS Tennessee and protect USS Brooklyn, a wooden vessel that had faltered amid gunfire from Fort Morgan and the Confederate ships nearby.

Sign on Fort Morgan parapet describes battle, loss of Tecumseh; buoy is beyond (Susan C. Gast)

While Confederate mines were often faulty, at 7:40 a.m. a torpedo (or mine) detonated on the starboard side, according to Nank. The ironclad rolled over to port as water rushed in and panic ensued.

Gunners mate Samuel Shinn, one of about 20 survivors, wrote, “It seemed as if we were lifted right out of the water. At the same time, a blinding flash like lightning came through the porthole. A large hole was stove in the vessel's side, and the men below commenced to cry that the vessel was sinking.”

'After you, pilot.' Chivalry amid disaster

Almost all men below deck on Tecumseh were doomed, but Craven and a few others who were in the turret, pilot house or elsewhere topside had a chance.

Alfred R. Waud's account of Craven's heroics (Library of Congress)

Civil War historian and author Ronald S. Coddington wrote two articles about the USS Tecumseh in his Military Images magazine. He and Hall make special note of what its commander said as the vessel was in its death throes.

Craven and civilian harbor pilot John Collins, in the conning tower or pilot house, stepped toward a ladder that would take them to safety. “After you pilot,” said Craven, who never made it out an drowned in the maelstrom. His act of chivalry is venerated in the annals of naval tradition.

In the March 2020 issue of Military Images, Coddington laid out other versions of what Craven said. He included excerpts of a poem that detailed the officer’s chivalry and sacrifice. (At right, Tecumseh paymaster George Work / Library of Congress)

Collins, quoted in the 1888 “Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,” said after he spoken with the skipper, “When I reached the upmost round of the ladder, the vessel seemed to drop under me.”

In another telling of the story, Coddington wrote, Craven yelled to Collins, “You first, sir.” 

An 1879 account of the encounter offers another version of events. It appeared in “A Sketch of the Battle of Mobile Bay” by William F. Hutchinson, assistant surgeon of the sloop Lackawanna.

“Captain Craven was already partly out, when the pilot grasped him by the leg, and cried ‘Let me get out first, Captain for God’s sake; I have five little children!’ The Captain drew back, saying ‘Go on, sir,’ gave him his place, and went down with the ship while the pilot was saved.”

Farragut's sailors regrouped and won the day

After the Tecumseh sank, amid "immense bubbles of steam, as large as cauldrons," Farragut realized his mix of wooden and iron vessels, now in disorder, had to plow ahead.

William H. Overend's 1883 painting of the USS Hartford at Mobile Bay (Wikipedia)

“The vision of Farragut lashed with rope to the rigging of his flagship Hartford is indelibly etched into the American memory,” wrote Coddington. “His stirring words, paraphrased as ‘Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead,’ are part of our national vocabulary.”

The Federal fleet went on to victory, capturing the Tennessee, while other Rebel ships slipped away, were captured or sank. Admiral Franklin Buchanan, commander of the Confederate fleet, was on the Tennessee and was gravely wounded and captured. (The conquest of Mobile Bay also gave a huge boost to President Abraham Lincoln's re-election bid.)

In a brief congratulatory order issued the next day, Farragut paid tribute to Craven, paymaster George Work and their crewmates, Military Images detailed in December 2014.

“It has never been his good fortune,” Farragut stated in the third person, “to see men do their duty with more courage and cheerfulness, for although they knew that the enemy was prepared with all devilish means for our destruction, and though they witnessed the almost instantaneous annihilation of our gallant companions in the Tecumseh by a torpedo, and the slaughter of their friends, messmates, and gunmates on our decks, still there were no evidences of hesitation in following their commander in chief through the line of torpedoes and obstructions.”

Gunner Charles Baker, serving on the USS Metacomet, helped save 10 Tecumseh crewmembers while under fire and later received the Medal of Honor (photo above, U.S. Navy)

Protection and dignity for a war grave

After the war, Tecumseh families railed against granted salvage rights, and the wreck was left undisturbed for a century. Heather Tassin, site manager at Fort Morgan, says the site is believed to be the largest maritime war grave in the continental United States.

A Smithsonian Institution expedition in the 1960s rediscovered the wreck, and surveys were later conducted, including one in 2018. There was talk of raising the Tecumseh, but it never happened. The Naval History and Heritage Command has about 65 artifacts from the wreck, according to an article. Items include ceramics, ship fittings and hull and deck plank samples.

The NHCC said a management plan continues protection and preservation of the site.

"It is a common misconception that anyone can dive on the Tecumseh," Tassin told the Picket in an email. "No one is permitted to dive on the Tecumseh. It is respected and protected as a war grave."

(Atlas of the Official Records, Plate LXIII, map 6)

A 1975 National Register of Historic Places form says most of the wreck (circled in green above) was covered in mud. "It was this coverage of silt which has given the ship and her contents protection against the ravages of underwater encrustation."

The federal government does periodic remote sensing to monitor the Tecumseh and ensure that it is still protected by anaerobic mud, said Tassin. Alabama officials monitor the work.

Any proposed research would require a permit from the Alabama Historical Commission and the Navy. “There would have to be a very compelling reason to conduct said research because of the Tecumseh’s status as a war grave and the fact that it has been investigated in an archaeological study in the past,” said Tassin.

In his Emerging Civil War article, Mackowski wrote about memorials to the USS Arizona (Hawaii), USS Indianapolis (Indiana) and USS Monitor (Virginia) – places where people can walk to, unlike the Tecumseh.

“But in those moments I stood at the mouth of Mobile Bay off the shore of Fort Morgan, I heard that lone buoy speak volumes. It reminded me of all the stories lost at sea, untold, unremembered. There are no monuments on the ocean.”

'Thunder on the Bay': Reenactment, camp on sandy Alabama island recall siege of Fort Gaines, other clashes during the 1864 Battle of Mobile Bay

(All photos by Civil War Picket)

The weather was near-perfect on Saturday as I donned a healthy dose of sunscreen and visited two Rebel forts that guarded Mobile, Ala., during the Civil War.

Our first stop was Fort Morgan State Historic Site, about 23 miles west of Gulf Shores. We then took a 35-minute car ferry across Mobile Bay to Fort Gaines on Dauphin Island for a reenactment.

Both forts saw action and surrendered in August 1864 during the Federal campaign for control of the port of Mobile and the waterway.

The battle was made famous by Union Rear Adm. David Farragut and his paraphrased command, “Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead” as his fleet maneuvered past Fort Morgan into the bay. (Click video above to see firing of gun)

On the way to Fort Gaines, our boat skirted natural gas platforms and large tankers, including one that steamed past, with dolphins leaping from the water at the bow.

The main event over the weekend was Fort Gaines’ “Thunder on the Bay” marking the 160^th anniversary of the Battle of Mobile Bay.

An encampment, living history, cannon fires and scores of reenactors in period uniforms greeted a sizeable crowd. A battle was held on Saturday, with a tactical exercise the next afternoon.

Pleasure boats a couple hundred yards from the fort  took in the fun and musket and artillery fire. Natural gas platforms also added a modern backdrop.

Among the participants were the Walton Guard, 6^th Alabama Cavalry and the Alabama Division of Reenactors. The 5^th Alabama Infantry Regiment Band, which maintains a busy schedule, provided music. 

It had been a while since I attended a re-enactment. This one was action-packed and there was plenty of flanking movement as Federal troops moved from the beach and to the fort. Saturday's battle ended with solemn music, including Taps.

The few, the proud. Marines had an impact on the Civil War

During the Civil War, members of the Marine Corps were primarily assigned to blockade duty aboard U.S. Navy ships, which were critical in strangling the Confederate states’ ability to continue fighting. Without the blockade, supplies, arms, ammunition, and money coming in from cotton, the South might have been able to fight on indefinitely. The Corps had an especially critical role in the 1864 Battle of Mobile Bay. -- Article

Donated gunboat model will be star of Sat. program at Louisiana's Port Hudson site

USS Essex (Marvin Steinback, Port Hudson SHS)

The USS Essex was a great big sister. Mess with me, and you’ll have to deal with her.

The Essex was converted in stages from a steam ferry to a fully armored Federal gunboat. Along the way, the crew saw action in the Fort Henry, Vicksburg, Port Hudson and Red River campaigns. The vessel took a beating, but it helped save the garrison in Baton Rouge, La., and it contributed to eventual victory at Port Hudson.

A 1:32 scale model of the gunboat was recently donated to Louisiana’s Port Hudson State Historic Site off U.S. 61 north of Baton Rouge.

“It is one of seven remote-controlled vessels that have a relationship to Port Hudson that I have built,” said Robert Seal, a park volunteer. “It is the largest, by far, and the most complicated.”

Using foam insulation and balsa wood, Seal, 69, crafted a vessel that is nearly 7 feet long and weighs about 30 pounds. “Everything is scratch built,” Seal told the Picket this week.

USS Essex in 1862 (Library of Congress)

(Martin Steinback, Port Hudson SHS)

Local artist Bill Toups has assisted with the USS Essex model, using a lathe to make 13 guns that comprise the business end of the ironclad.

The historic site and Seal at 11 a.m. Saturday will put on a program, “The Waterfront: Vicksburg, Port Hudson and the Fight for the Mississippi.” The event will be held at a pond that seasonally holds 1:32 models of ships that took part in Mississippi River and other campaigns. (The models are kept inside the rest of the year)

Seal, who researches their design and history, built them all, including a few in his personal collection. His entire fleet will be at Saturday’s program. The USS Essex and CSS Arkansas  -- which clashed in July 1862 -- will briefly sail across the water to help educate visitors.

The Confederacy put a lot of effort and manpower into defending the vital Mississippi River in 1861-1863.

“The whole purpose was to keep the Federals from going upriver at Port Hudson, while Vicksburg was to keep them from going downriver,” said Mike Fraering, an interpretive ranger at Port Hudson. The two forts were about 175 miles apart.

The Federal army and navy early in the war realized the importance of waterways and by controlling the Mississippi River, they could cut the Confederacy in half, disrupting commercial and military traffic and communication.

Annual re-enactment at Port Hudson (Robert and Pat Seal)

The USS Essex was heavily damaged by enemy gunfire at Fort Henry in February 1862. She was fitted with stronger armor and returned to service to take part in the Vicksburg campaign that summer. The Essex later hammered the CSS Arkansas and repelled an attack on Baton Rouge. The Arkansas was scuttled by its Rebel crew.

For a time, the USS Essex was the only Federal ironclad gunboat below Vicksburg, until July 1863.

“All the other gunboats on the southern end of the Mississippi were wooden or seagoing gunboats,” said Fraering. “The Essex had guard duty and protected wooden gunboats from gunfire. ‘Here comes the Essex to the rescue.'”

The Essex took part in the 1863 siege against Port Hudson and later served in the Red River.

The garrison at Port Hudson surrendered on July 9, 1863, five days after Vicksburg fell to the Union. Exhausted, short of supplies and knowing the fall of Vicksburg left them in a hopeless situation, the Confederates laid down their weapons after 48 days – the longest true siege on U.S. soil.

But it did not come without a few tries and heavy casualties among Federal troops and sailors over several months.

In March 1863, Union Adm. David Farragut defied Port Hudson, an earthen fort built on the east bank of the river.

“What we have on the pond is an annual static fleet,” said Seal. “They are anchored in position that represented the movement of Farragut as he attempted the battery.”

The 10 models on the pond include the Kineo, Genesee, Albatross, Monongahela, Richmond and Hartford. Seal acknowledges those models are not built with great detail, given visitors see them from about 50 feet away.

Port Hudson withstood the assault, and several of Farragut’s vessels were damaged. The USS Essex – which was about 200 feet long and had a crew of 250 -- helped rescue the crew of the sinking USS Mississippi.

The post was attacked two months later by a large Union ground force, among them soldiers of the Louisiana Native Guard, the first significant use of African-American troops during the war.

They earned respect of generals and white comrades, and black soldiers would see more action elsewhere in the months ahead.

“They were repulsed. (But) they showed they were capable,” said Fraering. “Everyone else got repulsed that day.”

The siege would continue for another six weeks.

Models are in pond February into June each year (Marvin Steinback)

Seal, an LSU retiree, said he wants to help schoolchildren learn what happened in Louisiana during the Civil War. He built a diorama of the Native Guard assault and has helped with other exhibits.

He and Fraering decided the Port Hudson story needed more of the naval aspect. “We like our boats,” Seal quipped about Louisianans.

Given the fact that he puts many of them in the water and transports and handles them, Seal says he cannot build his models to detail that includes individual rivets.

“(The Essex) is not sitting like a pretty girl. They break and if I put all the rigging and stuff on, you would have a difficult time launching them.”

Still, he wants them to be of high quality and reflect his research and period photographs.

CSS Arkansas model (Robert and Pat Seal)

Here’s a description of a radio-controlled models Seal will bring Saturday. They all likely will be placed in the water during an annual re-enactment on March 28-29.

-- CSS Arkansas: After the ironclad was intentionally sunk, its crew rushed to Port Hudson to help fortify its defenses.

-- CSS Manassas: Converted vessel fitted with iron plating, the Manassas did not see direct action at Port Hudson.

- - USS Barataria: The converted sternwheeler was lost in April 1863 during Louisiana operations.

CSS Missouri (Robert and Pat Seal)

-- CSS Missouri: Confederate ironclad paddle steam deployed in the Red River.

-- USS Carondelet: The City-class ironclad was “very effective in bombardment” and was used against Vicksburg and in the Red River Expedition.

Seal occasionally lets children use the radio controls to move the models.

“It would be good for people to learn something they didn’t know about the era, ships, crew and the different actions,” he said. “It lights me up on school days. We’ll have a couple hundred kids. There might be in a class of 30 with one or two kids that really connect with the program.”

Admission to the site and Saturday’s event is $4 per person and free for children 12 and under and those 62 and older. For more information, call (888) 677-3400 toll free or (225) 654-3775.

Tennessee tussle over Farragut marker

Even as Tennessee and county officials prepare to dedicate a Civil War trail marker to Admiral David Glasgow Farragut this weekend, the fate of the stone monument marking the birthplace of the first admiral of the U.S. Navy remains uncertain. • Article

Marker planned at Farragut birthplace

The town of Farragut, Tenn., plans to match funds to install a Civil War Trail marker off Northshore Drive near Adm. James David Glasgow Farragut’s birthplace. Farragut was 63 years old at the Battle of Mobile Bay, where he spoke the famous words, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead." The Union military leader is buried in New York. • Article