March walking tour covers Civil War history of Alexandria, Va.

A March 14 walking tour shares the stories of soldiers, citizens, and self-liberated African-Americans in Civil War Alexandria, Va. It covers the military occupation, the conversion of public and private buildings into hospitals, and emancipation. -- READ ARTICLE

This weekend's Civil War show in Dalton, Ga., features tons of relics and four lectures, including one on Confederate flags at Fort Donelson and Fort Henry

Guns and other collectibles at the 2018 show in Dalton (Civil War Picket photo)

Civil War historian and author Gregg Biggs will speak Saturday at the annual Chickamauga Civil War Show in Dalton, Ga., about Confederate flags flown during the Henry-Donelson Campaign in Tennessee.

The 31^st edition of the annual firearms, artifacts and relics show at the Dalton Convention Center, 2211 Tony Ingle Parkway, takes place Saturday and Sunday. Mike Kent, who has been producing Civil War shows for 35 years, said vendors will set up items on about 450 tables.

Biggs is one of four speakers scheduled Saturday

Many Confederate flags were captured as Union forces under Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant took Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 and gained vital land and river areas in the Western Theater. About 13,000 Confederates were taken prisoner.

Biggs, a noted flag expert, told the Picket his afternoon program will cover three major flag patterns in use: The first national flag of the Confederacy, Virginia state flags used by Brig. Gen. John Floyd’s brigade, and the first use of the Hardee pattern flag by Brig. Gen. Simon Bucker’s division. (Hardee example at left is 3rd Tennessee in a private collection. It was captured by the 14th Missouri.)

Buckner designed the flag while in Bowling Green, Ky., in January 1862. Hardee pattern flags had a blue field and a circular or rectangular white center. They are most identified with units in the Army of Tennessee.

The units holding the forts were from Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Texas and Virginia. Biggs’ talk will cover existing flags and captured flags that cannot be located today.

"None of the captured CS flags from Henry or Donelson were ever sent to the War Department, which makes tracking them difficult," Biggs told the Picket. "Some were sent home by Union officers and most of those remain missing today."

A few days after Fort Donelson fell, Clarksville and Nashville were captured; the latter the first capital of a Confederate state to go into Union hands.

The lectures Saturday are in Room 1-A on the lower level of the trade center. Seminars are for paying attendees only, said Kent.

Other speakers on the schedule

11 a.m.: Michael J. Manning, author of “They Fought Like Veterans:The Military History of the Civil War in the Indian Territory.” A summary of the book says the strife of the Civil War severely fractured the Five Civilized Tribes, splitting allegiances between the Union and the Confederacy. 

Noon: Historian and author Scott Sallee on the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. He will present the theory that the killing had nothing to do with the Confederacy but, instead, the radical faction of the Republican Party and the highest levels of the U.S. government.

1 p.m.: Greg Biggs (see above)

2 p.m.: Fort Donelson expert and battlefield tour guide John Walsh will discuss photography during the Civil War. Walsh operates Fort Donelson Relics.

Relic shows are a major place for sellers, museum curators, authors, collectors and others to network.

Show hours are 9 a.m.-5 p.m. on Saturday and 9 a.m.-3 p.m. on Sunday.  Admission is $12 for adults; children 12 and under are free.

Concussion of thundering 1st Connecticut mortars at the Battle of the Crater left artillerist Chester Beckwith with bleeding ears and a lifetime of pain. Descendants have donated his 1861 rifle, accoutrements to a New England museum

Tom Therrien and Kimberly Beckwith with Springfield and cartridge box (NE Civil War Museum) and 1st Connecticut mortars at Yorktown, Company C (labeled 8) position near the Crater and the "Dictator," Company G, Petersburg (Library of Congress)

Amid the heat, flashes of fire and acrid smoke rising from belching siege mortars, Chester Beckwith furiously worked to prepare ammunition to support the Union assault during the Battle of the Crater on July 30, 1864.

The artificer with Company C, 1^st Connecticut Heavy Artillery, was cutting timed fuses in the bombproof/powder magazine of Fort Rice at Petersburg during the bombardment, according to his pension file kept by the National Archives.

“While so engaged the concussion produced by the firing of the heavy siege guns and mortars injured both of my ears so that blood came from them…during many months afterward I was troubled with a discharge of matter from both ears,” he wrote.

In the end, the company’s ten 10-inch mortars fired 360 rounds during the doomed assault that resulted in disaster and eight months of ghastly trench warfare.

A 2019 article on HistoryNet.com details the injury that cost Beckwith much of his hearing for the rest of his life.

Beckwith, a carpenter by trade who repaired artillery equipment as an artificer, served through the end of the war. He was plagued by his injury and the loss of his brother, Robert, who was mortally wounded at Second Manassas in August 1862.

Chester H. Beckwith’s military service and sacrifice will be remembered following the donation last fall of his 1861 Springfield rifle-musket and accoutrements to the New England Civil War Museum & Research Center in Vernon, Ct. (Photos at left and below courtesy of the museum)

Dan Hayden, the museum’s executive director, told the Picket conservators will prepare the artifacts for exhibit rotation.

“We focus on bringing to life individual people of the time period, but more importantly, to create a way to highlight the emotional and human elements that show how similar we are to them, even today,” said Hayden.

Two cousins, Kimberly Beckwith, a Connecticut native currently working in the Netherlands, and Tom Therrien, who moved from Connecticut to North Carolina a year ago, traveled to the museum to make the donation.

The artifacts for years were kept by Beckwith’s late father. The gift seems especially appropriate because Alfred Pierce Beckwith was a highly skilled machinist who could fix almost anything, she wrote in an email

“So he was sort of artificer too (he was also a jet engine mechanic in the Air Force in the late ‘50's to the early ‘60s.) It seems those skills run in my family of handy Yankees who served their country.”  

His younger brother Robert died at 2nd Manassas

The 1^st Connecticut Heavy Artillery saw extensive service during operations in Washington, D.C., Virginia and North Carolina. Company C participated in the Peninsular Campaign and ended up at Fort Brady on the James River by the end of the war.

Chester Beckwith was 35 when he mustered in for three years in March 1862. His pension records indicate he had red hair and blue eyes. While 22 men from the Vernon area served with the 1^st Heavies, Beckwith hailed from Windham, nearly 20 miles away.

Beckwith’s younger brother, Robert, was living in Pennsylvania when joined the 1^st New Jersey Infantry. Some of Robert’s letters to relatives have been published on HistoryNet and the Spared & Shared blog.

In July 1862, Robert wrote to friends about a visit from Chester at his camp in Virginia.

“Oh, tell Susanna that I was surprised the day I was sitting in my tent & who should come & look in but Chester. He has been [in] one fight with me but I did not know it at the time. He is in the 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery. They lay about one mile from me. We are to go there 2 or 3 times a week. I expect him over tomorrow -- Sunday. He was paid off the other day & sent $40 dollars home to Minerva (Chester’s wife). Chester said he had written to you the other day.”

Robert was mortally wounded at Manassas a month later, apparently dying days later while being held prisoner. His grave in Windham may be a cenotaph. 

(I have been unable to find a photo of Chester. Robert’s image can be seen here. I have been unable to locate the current owner to obtain permission to include it here. Photo at right by Matthew Dingler, town of Windham)

Chester was detailed as an artificer on January 10, 1864, a role that acknowledged his skills and ability to repair the critical equipment that the 1st Heavies operated, a museum Facebook post says. When his original term expired on March 18, he reenlisted, serving until September 1865.

At Petersburg, the regiment’s companies were stationed at a couple forts, with Beckwith’s at Fort Rice near the larger Fort Sedgwick. They were in the thick of action during the Battle of the Crater.

The 1^st Heavies' most famous mortar, the massive “Dictator,” was operated by Company G.

Company C was in the thick of things

Much has been written about the siege of Petersburg in 1864-65; I won’t be able to get into detail here. But the Federal force depended on heavy guns like those used by the 1^st Heavies.

National Archives map shows Fort Rice (center right) across from Rives Salient (click to enlarge)

Company C was across from Confederate Rives Salient and adjacent to the original location of Confederate Battery 22, part of the initial Confederate Dimmock Line, said Emmanuel Dabney, chief of resource management at Petersburg National Battlefield.

“Keep in mind much work was done by Union troops in July 1864 to dismantle the original Dimmock Line which lay behind the Federal fortifications,” Dabney told the Picket.

The line was a series of 55 Rebel artillery batteries and connected earthworks. They were built to protect Petersburg’s vital railroads and industry.

The 1^st Heavies were among the artillery units meant to suppress Confederate resistance as the attack unfolded on July 30, 1864.

The Battle of the Crater dashed Union hopes for an end to the siege and, for that matter, the Confederacy. After a massive explosion from a mine set off by engineers, Federal troops, including U.S. Colored Troops, rushed in, only to be rebuffed by dazed Confederates who held strong.

According to Beckwith’s pension files from the 1870s, a sergeant from Company C wrote a letter to pension officials detailing the artificer’s injuries. The article on HistoryNet describes how gunners were told to place canister rounds into 10-inch shells to be fired from mortars.

Union artillery on July 30; Fort Rice is numbered 8, click to enlarge (Baylor University Digital Collections)

Sgt. Elisha Jordan wrote the following:

“…I was on duty…near Fort Rice in front of Petersburg Va on July 30th 1864. I know that Chester H. Beckwith was an artificer…and was on duty in the bombproof sawing fuses during the explosion of Burnside’s mine and attack on enemy line….I was ordered to go in the bombproof and direct said Beckwith to put 27 grape shots into a shell which I did and found Beckwith with his ears bleeding badly….I know that ever after this day while in the service Beckwith was excused from roll call because his hearing was bad.”

The HistoryNet authors obtained the pension information from the National Archives in Washington. I have been unable to travel there for those purposes.

A lot of suffering for Chester and Mary

Chester Beckwith returned to Connecticut and worked as a carpenter. His wife Minerva passed away in 1879 and he married Mary E. Beckwith in 1903.

Dana B. Shoaf, editor in chief of HistoryNet in 2019, wrote Mary recalled occasionally “the blood would run out of his ears and head,” and that “he was [in] dretfull suffer as long as he lived.”

Chester died of a “lingering illness” in Hamburg (North Lyme), Ct., in November 1909 at age 82 or 83. Half of his 10 children survived him. His body was returned to Windham, where he was buried at Windham Center Cemetery. At one point, a U.S. flag and Grand Army of the Republic marker were evident at his grave.

An ailing Mary’s application for a widow’s pension in 1912 apparently was denied because the government determined Chester’s wartime injuries did not cause his death, Shoaf wrote.

I have been unable to determine when Mary died and where she is buried.

(Matthew Dingler, Windham’s cemetery sexton, was of great help to me as I researched the resting places for the Beckwith family. He mentioned the history and Victorian homes of Willimantic, which is part of Windham. A mill drew many immigrants. He also mentioned the humorous Battle of the Frogs story. Read about it here)

A trove of weaponry and an ode to hard tack

The inscription about Chester Beckwith is slowing fading away (Courtesy Kimberly Beckwith)

Kimberly Beckwith grew up believing Chester and Minerva were distant a distant uncle and aunt. Not many stories were passed down, though her father said they underwent some kind of tragedy, Beckwith told the Picket.

After further research, Kimberly now believes Chester and Minerva were her great-great-grandparents. To this day, the family has deep ties to the Windham area.

She turned to the museum in Vernon for the donation after doing online research. She and her late sister, Lynda, inherited the items after their father died in February 2023. (Lynda thought first of donating the items to a museum in Pennsylvania, where she lived.)

The items were Chester’s Springfield, bayonet and seven-rivet scabbard, percussion cap box, cartridge box, belt buckle and a book with regimental history. The family also donated an early edition of John Billings' “Hard Tack and Coffee,” a memoir containing tales of the war and illustrations.

The cartridge box still bears the pressed stamp of Gaylord contractors in Chicopee, Massachusetts, with a late pattern percussion cap box and bayonet with seven-rivet scabbard.

The museum says this of the artifacts:

“Though his belt and cartridge box sling have passed out of existence, the buckle remains, as most notably does the musket sling. Along with an early edition of John D. Billings' 'Hard Tack and Coffee,' the remainders of Chester's service with the 1st Heavies will be proudly conserved and interpreted for future visitors at the museum.”

The 1861 Springfield was used by most soldiers from Vernon and many New England soldiers in general. 

Museum serves up soldier artifacts and library

The Civil War museum in Vernon is housed in the former meeting place of the Thomas F. Burpee Post #71 of the GAR. The Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Alden Skinner Camp #45 meet in the building today.

Highlights of the permanent collection include New England and GAR artifacts, a wartime uniform of Seth Plumb of the 8th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry, a pair of trousers owned by James Baldwin of the 2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery, and personal effects of Thomas Burpee, including spurs, belt, shoulder boards, tin cup and the bullet believed to have mortally wounded him at Cold Harbor, Va., in 1864. 

1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery monument near Capitol in Hartford (Cosmo Marino, hmdb.org)

Thirty-six Vernon men died during the war, 14 of them killed in battle and 11 dying in Confederate prison camps, said Hayden.

The research center and archives contains letters, diaries, journals

“We curate the library to help researchers find sources around the everyday soldier, as well as to the general public for finding information about their relatives who served during the Civil War. Notably, famed artist Don Troiani donated his research archive he collected while preparing to paint his Civil War works of art. These are being scanned and will be made available for public access,” the director added.

The New England Civil War Museum & Research Center, 14 Park Place, Vernon, is open 10 a.m.- p.m. on Saturday and Sundays. Call 860-870-3563 for more information.

Of hapless blockade runners and the 'Stone Fleet' that failed to stop them: Beach restoration project near Charleston will safeguard ill-fated historic shipwrecks

Recent beach work (City of Isle of Palms), wreck of Constance (SCIAA) and sinking of "Stone Fleet" (Courtesy MIT Museum)

The latest effort to fight beach erosion and restore dunes along a barrier island near Charleston, S.C., will work around the wrecks of three Confederate blockade runners and whaling ships the Union navy sank in an effort to prevent the merchant vessels from reaching the city.

The city of Isle of Palms and state archaeological and preservation offices are developing buffer zones around the sites in preparation for dredging this year, officials said. The goal is for dredgers to pick up sand a couple miles off the coast and bring it ashore for beach nourishment.

“This project will protect our history and our shoreline for the 4,000+ residents that call our Island home and the 20,000+ visitors that enjoy our beach every day in the summer,” the city said in a recent social media post.

Scores of blockade runners tried to reach Charleston during the Civil War, but many ran aground off the Isle of Palms and nearby Sullivan’s Island. Shoals and shallow water, along with fire from Federal ships and batteries, were a constant danger.

The three blockade runners in the project area – the Georgiana, Mary Bowers and the Constance – are near the remains of what were called “Stone Fleets.”

In late 1861 and early 1862, 29 whaling and merchant vessels brought from the Northeast were deposited in the channels leading into Charleston. The idea was to hinder blockade runners who ran the extra risk of slamming into ship timbers, sand bars or stones carried in the hulls. Ships often carried stones to give them stability, improved handling and a lower center of gravity.

SCIAA graphic shows blockade runners and "Stone Fleet" areas below, above city

“The Stone Fleet’s efficacy was almost immediately diminished by the force of the natural scouring of tides as the redirected tidal waters of the harbor made new channels,” according to the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology (SCIAA). Most of the wrecks were dispersed by currents and shifting sand.

South Carolina underwater archaeologist Jim Spirek said while the $32 million project will encompass the three blockade runners, “the location of the current proposed borrow area is our attempt to deflect encroachment on the nearby Stone Fleet vessels.”

While the strategy was ultimately ineffective, Stone Fleet wrecks remain important cultural sites today, the city said. Ballast mounds are still visible by side-scan survey.

Beach nourishment areas in blue (City of Isle of Palms)

Dredging is anticipated to begin late spring or early summer. Sand will be placed along three placement areas, which include homes, beach access areas and the site of a playground.

The Picket has reached out to city officials for comment but has not heard back.

Wrecks 'disappeared' at nearby island

Over the years, Spirek and his colleagues have surveyed and/or dived on many blockade runner and “Stone Fleet” wrecks.

While the whereabouts of many are known, the state wanted to know more about four that are no longer visible off Sullivan’s Island. Spirek’s office last years used drones to conduct a survey of the “forgotten” wreck sites.

The remains of those vessels are are now buried deep below the beach and adjacent woodlot.

'Stone Fleet" ballast mound captured by sonagram (City of Isle of Palms)

The planned beach nourishment at the Isle of Palms has prompted Spirek to advise the State Historic Preservation Office on how to safeguard the sites.

In a case like this, “typically we propose a buffer zone around the sites to protect them from dredging and other ancillary activities, i.e., anchoring, cables,” the archaeologist said in an email to the Picket.

Bad luck be a baby for three runners

Spirek has written numerous articles about the history of these vessels and the bad luck they encountered.

That history begins with the Union blockade strategy

As the Union’s nautical noose tightened around Charleston, blockade runners daring to bring vital goods to the Confederacy typically took the shortest route into the harbor, sailing close to Fort Moultrie on the southwestern tip of Sullivan’s Island. They typically sailed through Maffitt’s (or Beach) Channel.

Many did not make it, or get back to sea safely.

The Georgiana, Mary Bowers and the Constance were among the victims. Interestingly, they lie together because two ran into the wrecks of the other, the state says. We’ll explain

Georgiana: The Scottish-built ship may have been intended for military service or privateering. After picking up goods in the Bahamas, it sailed to Charleston, arriving on March 18, 1863. Federal gunner’s spotted the Georgiana in Maffitt’s Channel and crippled it. The crew abandoned the ship, according to an American Battlefield Protection Program report by Spirek. Union ships pulverized the ship and set it afire. Over the following days, Union crews salvaged various items from the wreck including Enfield rifles, bayonets, battle axes, sabers and other sundry goods.

Captains of "Stone Fleet" vessels that left New Bedford, Mass. (New Bedford Free Public Library)

Mary Bowers: This runner that stopped in Bermuda tried to enter Charleston Harbor on Aug. 31, 1864, but it struck Georgiana. It quickly sank. “Union sailors found a 16-year old boy aboard who told them he knew of no cargo other than coal, and that the steamer was to leave laden with cotton bound for Halifax, Canada.”

Constance: The side-wheeler sailed from Nova Scotia, struck the Mary Bowers on Oct. 6, 1864, and quickly sank. One sailor drowned. The next morning, USS Wamsutta reported a strange wreck lying near the wrecks of Georgiana and Mary Bowers. Casting anchor, the blockader investigated the wrecked vessel, which had two smokestacks and masts, sidewheels, lying in three fathoms of water.

State officials believe the three wrecks were near the area of the "Second Stone Fleet.”

Examples of "First Stone Fleet" ballast left on ocean floor (SCIAA)

“While the Second Stone Fleet effectiveness as a deterrent to using the Maffitt’s/Beach Channel to enter Charleston Harbor may have been marginal, the presence of the sunken vessels along with the floating vessels, made any voyage through the blockade at Charleston Harbor potentially disastrous,” a report asserts.

All three wrecks were located in the late 1960s and 1970. Numerous items were removed in licensed, private salvage operations. Sports divers later recovered artifacts from the Mary Bowers and Georgiana.

Postscript: Melville's ode to the doomed ships

Right before I published this post, I came across a December 1861 poem about the doomed “Stone Fleet” vessels by acclaimed author Herman Melville. Some of the old ships were sent to the Savannah River in Georgia to blockade enemy ships.

Melville paid tribute to them in “An Old Sailor’s Lament.”

  I have a feeling for those ships,
    Each worn and ancient one,
    With great bluff bows, and broad in the beam:
    Ay, it was unkindly done.
        But so they serve the Obsolete--
        Even so, Stone Fleet!

    You'll say I'm doting; do you think
    I scudded round the Horn in one--
    The Tenedos, a glorious
    Good old craft as ever run--
        Sunk (how all unmeet!)
        With the Old Stone Fleet.

    An India ship of fame was she,
    Spices and shawls and fans she bore;
    A whaler when the wrinkles came--
    Turned off! till, spent and poor,
        Her bones were sold (escheat)!
        Ah! Stone Fleet.

    Four were erst patrician keels
    (Names attest what families be),
    The Kensington, and Richmond too,
    Leonidas, and Lee:
        But now they have their seat
        With the Old Stone Fleet.

    To scuttle them--a pirate deed--
    Sack them, and dismast;
    They sunk so slow, they died so hard,
    But gurgling dropped at last.
        Their ghosts in gales repeat
        Woe's us, Stone Fleet!

    And all for naught. The waters pass--
    Currents will have their way;
    Nature is nobody's ally; 'tis well;
    The harbor is bettered--will stay.
        A failure, and complete,
        Was your Old Stone Fleet.

Steamboat Sultana: Stories of heroic rescues lie just beneath the surface in NE Arkansas. The wreckage itself is a good bit deeper, likely under a soybean field

Rick DeSpain's drawing of John Fogleman taking raft to rescue ( www.DeSpainPrints.com)

For more than 200 years, a John Fogleman has lived and worked in a small patch of the Arkansas Delta across from Memphis, Tenn.

One had a farm in Crittenden County when a fire lit the sky a couple miles away on April 27, 1865. The overloaded steamboat Sultana, carrying hundreds of Union soldiers heading home at the end of the Civil War, exploded and caught firing, spilling passengers into the frigid Mississippi River. Many of the soldiers had recently been released from Confederate prisons, including Andersonville in Georgia and Cahaba in Alabama.

According to newspaper accounts and family lore, Fogleman lashed two or three logs together, poled his way through the current and toward survivors. He plucked dozens of people to safety. It’s possible his sons Leroy and Gustavus assisted.

By chance, or perhaps fate, his great-great-grandson, retired Circuit Judge John Fogleman, is currently spearheading the effort to build a permanent museum about the largest U.S. maritime disaster. Officials hope to open the venue in Marion later this year. (A smaller museum operates a few blocks away.)

On a recent visit to Marion, I asked the judge, president of the Sultana Historical Preservation Society, to show me the soybean field where the wreckage of the vessel reportedly is covered. (Picket video, above, of Fogleman discussing site)

We had no luck because Fogleman was unable to contact the property owner in time. Still, we drove to a spot a mile or so away, as close as we could get. The area is fenced. (Note: this is private property and the presumed location is kept guarded.)

Fogleman also took me close to where his ancestors lived and described the rescue effort, which will be a significant part of the museum’s exhibits.

Another great-great grandfather, Franklin Hardin Barton, and several neighbors came to the aid of Yankee troops, who were the enemy just weeks before.

The Memphis Daily Argus and other newspapers provided vivid accounts from survivors and rescuers, some of whom flocked from Memphis.

“Messrs. John Fogleman, Thomas J. Lumbertson, George Malone and John Berry, citizens of Mound City, Arkansas, are entitled to the eternal gratitude of every right-thinking mind,” reported the Daily Argus.

Franklin Barton and LeRoy and Gustavus Fogleman (Courtesy John Fogleman)

“When they saw the burning, floating mass, and heard the cries of the struggling thousands, they made haste to construct rude rafts of logs and put into the stream. With these, they succeeded in saving the lives of nearly a hundred persons. They were unceasing and labored faithfully and courageously as long as there was any possibility of relieving a suffering fellow mortal. Mr. Fogleman's residence was converted into a temporary hospital for the sufferers, and every possible care and attention were bestowed on them by Mr. Fogleman and his family. The number who had been brought in -- rescued from the river -- at 12 o'clock yesterday were 110 enlisted men, ten officers, four ladies and fifteen citizens."

Another account was sent to the Chicago Tribune (right, click to enlarge).

Norman Shaw, a founder of the Sultana Association of Descendants and Friends, recalled visiting the Sultana site in 2015. Shaw has researched rescues involving the men named by the Daily Argus. Sources include Sultana expert and author's Gene Salecker's list of testimonials and a riveting account of the disaster by Union soldier Chester Berry.

"I arrive at a total of 219 rescued through the efforts of men and women from the small community of Mound City,” Shaw wrote in article for association members.

While visitors to the small current museum ask about the wreck and why it has not been raised, it’s important to note the Mississippi has shifted course often over the years. Small tributaries and lakes go away or are formed, and small islands do the same. So no one is 100 percent sure where the remnants of the Sultana lie.

About 1,200 people died in the disaster. The vessel’s boilers are considered to be the main cause of the catastrophe. There are also claims of greed and sabotage, but that's another story.

Jerry Potter, a Memphis attorney and noted expert and author on the Sultana, searched for the wreckage in the early 1980s near a small community of Mound City. He used old maps and eyewitness accounts. (Salvage efforts years before removed portions of the Sultana,)

Potter told the Picket he met with the son of the man who owned the land at the time. Potter showed him a map where he thought the wreckage was located.

“He stated that about 100 yards north of my location he had found pieces of metal. (He) and I searched together, and over the years, we uncovered many pieces of metal which were identified as coming from a 19^th century steamboat.

Author Clive Cussler brought the first magnetometer to the site and got readings on buried metal.

“We had two other magnetometers and got readings of buried metal. The ‘History Detectives’ show on the History Channel brought experts to locate the wreckage, who agreed with my opinion about the location of the wreckage,” said Potter.

“According to eyewitness accounts, the wreckage came to rest at the head of Chicken Island. At that time, Chicken Island was actually an island, with the main channel of the river flowing on the east side and (the) Mound City chute on the west side. The river filled in around the wreckage and closed off the north end of the Mound City chute.”

Potter said they placed steamboat metal parts in a building. The landowner lost possession of the property and when the author approached the new owner he was unable to find the parts, he said. “The owner thought they might have buried the parts while clearing the property before his purchase.”

The wreckage of the side-wheeler is about a mile from the main channel and is too deep to uncover, the author of “The Sultana Tragedy: America’s Greatest Maritime Disaster” added.

“I believe that the hull's remains would probably be in good condition since they are below the water table ...  I am 90% sure that we located the site of the Sultana. There are no reports of any other steamboat wrecks in the area, and the 1876 map (highlighted above) marks the location. The only way I would be a 100% sure would be to uncover the wreckage, but the costs of such an undertaking would be in the millions.”

Fogleman and I drove by farms and a few homes on the flat land. One stop was the sight of Native American mounds at Mound City (Picket photo, right).

The judge has spoken publicly about the January and February 1863 Federal burnings of Mound City and nearby Hopefield in response to Confederate guerrilla activities and the trial of a man accused of instigating the hanging of an abolitionist.

“This punitive expedition relates to Union efforts to secure Memphis, Tennessee, as a supply and hospital base capable of supporting ongoing operations against Vicksburg, Mississippi,” says the Encyclopedia of Arkansas. “It stands as an early example of the shift toward hard war tactics that would increase throughout the remainder of the Civil War.”

So, given the tension between Union forces and civilians in Memphis and Crittenden County, it may seem surprising the latter joined efforts to save Sultana’s victims.

Instinct must have kicked in.

"These men were leading citizens, interconnected by family and business, and most likely close friends," said Shaw. "Each one had supported the Southern cause, but all reacted immediately to save as many lives as possible after the Sultana exploded."