2023's Top 11 Picket posts: Fredericksburg cannonball house, fallen witness tree, loads of river artifacts, flag finial find -- and much more

Artifacts and archaeology continue to be big draws to this blog. The top 11 Civil War Picket posts – by Blogger page views -- in 2023 included posts on an impressive collection of period rifles, a Virginia home that comes with a cannonball and a flag finial found in the ravine of a Georgia battlefield.

We’ve got several items in the works (USS Monitor, Fort Sumter flags, POWs) and we look forward to rolling out those and more in 2024. Thanks so much for your continued interest. Please tell a friend or two about us. Happy New Year!

11. GETTYSBURG AMPUTEES: Even after 160 years, unpublished photographs associated with the Battle of Gettysburg occasionally come to light, including one unveiled this year depicting Federal amputees and other wounded recovering at a hospital. – Read more

10. CSI: NASHVILLE:  The Metro Nashville Historical Commission partnered with local police to study two unoccupied log structures at Sunnyside Mansion in Sevier Park. They wanted to solve the mystery regarding embedded bullets and holes discovered earlier this year in the cabin walls. Here’s what they learned – Read more

9. SAVING A CIVIL WAR SURVIVOR: Restoring the Adam Strain building in Darien, Ga., and an adjoining one-story building is a labor of pure craftsmanship and sweat equity. The Strain survived the burning of the coastal town during the Civil War. – Read more

8. HOME COMES WITH A CANNONBALL: A piece of ordnance on an upper-floor brick wall is among the selling points for a 1848 Greek Revival residence in Fredericksburg, Va. As many as 100 shells a minute exploded over the town during the Dec. 11, 1862, Union bombardment. – Read more

7. LOADED WITH RIFLES: The Atlanta History Center, home to the Cyclorama painting depicting the Battle of Atlanta and a major exhibit on the Civil War, has acquired dozens of weapons in the past couple of years, bringing the total inventory to nearly 400. – Read more

6. WITNESS TREE DIES: An imposing witness tree that greeted visitors to Resaca Battlefield Historic Site in northwest Georgia is gone, lost to weather and old age. The spot where the tree was located is approximately the area where the Union’s 20th Corps and the 14th Corps overlapped one another during the 1864 battle. – Read more

5. FLAG FINIAL: Staff members and volunteers at Pickett’s Mill Battlefield near Atlanta thought a weathered finial – an ornament placed on the top of a flag – might be a reproduction. Here’s what they now say, and why. – Read more

4. MIGHTY MILITARY MINIATURES: Visitors to Gettysburg National Military Park in Augusta saw up to 300 military miniatures at an exhibition that supported efforts to conserve the park’s 2^nd North Carolina Infantry flag. Officials said the regiment likely carried the flag at Gettysburg in July 1863. The unit brought 243 men to the field and suffered 61 casualties in three days of fighting. – Read more

3. BRAILLE MARKERS AT GETTYSBURG: Three new markers feature landscape elevations that visitors are encouraged to touch. They were inspired by a massive topographic map created more than a century ago and on display at the visitor center. The creation of the tactile tables is part of a larger project to update interpretive signage throughout the park. – Read more

2. TREASURE TROVE: Descendants of Capt. James Lile Lemon of Georgia traveled to the Atlanta History Center to see items that belonged to him. Dozens of Civil War-period items were laid out on tables. Almost all related to a single soldier -- a curator's dream. There were personal items, a captured drum, revolver, letters, canteen, photographs and much more. – Read more

1. HUNDREDS OF ARTIFACTS PULLED FROM RIVER: Some of the captured weapons and ammunition that Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman’s troops dumped into the Congaree River in Columbia, S.C., in the last months of the Civil War reemerged during an environmental project that removed tar from the riverbed The haul included including cannonballs (photo above), canister, remnants of a saber and wagon wheel and dozens of bullets. – Read more

Confederate monument removed from Arlington could end up at New Market

A Confederate memorial that was removed last week from Arlington National Cemetery and could be relocated to the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park in the Shenandoah Valley if Virginia Gov. Glenn Youngkin gets his way. The park is operated by the Virginia Museum of the Civil War, which is run by the Virginia Military Institute. The sculptor attended VMI. -- Article

Kennesaw Mountain staff confirmed names of mountains on a map. Now, the Library of Congress is crediting drawing to Theodore Davis, rather than Alfred Waud

A map of the Kennesaw Mountain battlefield shows Rebel guns (Library of Congress)

An effort by the Library of Congress to identify mountains in a sketch depicting Confederate artillery positions at the Kennesaw Mountain battlefield has concluded with the institution changing the attribution for the drawing from Alfred R. Waud to Theodore R. Davis.

The unsigned and undated map of the Georgia battlefield was among many Civil War drawings donated to the library more than a century ago by the estate of famed financier J.P. Morgan. It was long attributed to Waud, the legendary artist-journalist who followed the Army of the Potomac in Virginia.

But the LOC’s Kara Chittenden, senior cataloging specialist with the Prints & Photographs Division, and Sara Duke, curator of Popular and Applied Graphics, told the Picket that the library is changing the catalog reference to the map as likely belonging to Davis (right), another famous Civil War illustrator.

Waud was in Virginia in June and July 1864, creating dramatic scenes from Cold Harbor and Petersburg while Davis was with Sherman’s armies during much of the Atlanta Campaign, including the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain on June 27, 1864. His employer, Harper’s Weekly, did not publish the sketch, according to the LOC.

Waud did travel to Georgia after the Civil War to make illustrations for a book and other publications. He died in nearby Marietta in 1891.

Chittenden in mid-November reached out to Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park with a question. An outside researcher wanted an addition to the sketch’s catalog, but the federal library needed to verify that information.

Box of index cards showing locations of units at Kennesaw (Jake Boling/NPS)

“The researcher believes that the map depicts Kennesaw Mountain battlefield, with Pigeon Hill on the left, Little Kennesaw Mtn in the center and Big Kennesaw Mtn on the right. Unfortunately, there is very little information on the map to confirm this. Would you be able to verify this information?” Chittenden wrote to the park.

The inquiry was picked up by Jake Boling, a park ranger and education coordinator at the park.

Boling used valuable old-school technology to confirm the location of the mountains: Emmet Nichols, a ranger at Kennesaw Mountain in the 1970s and 1980s, worked from official records to pinpoint the locations of Union and Confederate positions, including those brimming with artillery. Nichols put the information on large index cards. The folders, which included the names of units on each mountain, have been kept in a large box.

These names in the park's archives are shown on the LOC map (Jake Boling/NPS)

While the Library of Congress drawing itself does not label the mountains, the artillery positions are labeled with the names of their commanders.

“Working here as long as I have, I recognized these names,” Boling said in a recent phone call.

The batteries were under the command of Confederate Maj. George S. Storrs.

At left, on Pigeon Hill, are Parrott guns of J.A. Hoskins’ Mississippi battery. Deployed at Little Kennesaw are more Hoskins Parrotts and Napoleon guns belonging to Capt. John Ward’s Alabama battery and Capt. Henry Guibor’s Missouri battery. At far right of the sketch are siege guns.

Detail from the Library of Congress map of Pigeon Hill (left) and Little Kennesaw

“The guns did move. I don’t think all of these were in these positions all at once,” Boling said.

The drawing shows the profile of mountains as they would be seen from Marietta, just to the southeast.

Boling says Confederate Maj. Gen. William Loring, who commanded a corps during the Atlanta Campaign, may have been consulted for the battery locations. When that occurred is uncertain.

Chittenden added the names of the mountains to the catalog and said the library will now be attributing the map and a few other Kennesaw Mountain sketches to Davis.

“The former attribution to Alfred Waud (left) is unlikely because Waud was not at this battle,” the updated catalog will say of the mountains drawing, which it says was created in 1864.

It’s impossible, without a signature, to know for sure who made the map. But there can be clues.

“I’m afraid there isn’t enough evidence on the map to know that Davis drew it and not a soldier or other eyewitness who drew it and gave it to him,” said Duke of the Library of Congress. “As you can see, modern databases have made it easier for us to change attribution of art and learn the whereabouts of the artists who recorded the Civil War for illustrated weeklies."

Duke told the Picket when she looked at copies of Harper’s Weekly for Kennesaw, the only artist represented was Davis.

“When I cataloged the collection in 1991, I worked with a pencil, sheets of paper and bound editions of Harper’s Weekly, Frank Leslie’s, and the New York Illustrated News. Almost all of the drawings were attributed to Waud when I arrived. I was able to verify attributions to other artists using the bound volumes. What I could not do in the time allotted, was track dates and movements with a pencil and paper. Now, it is easier to see how artists moved with the armies. As databases improve, it takes much less time to verify information, but a lot more time to change the cataloging.”

The Picket reached out to Boling about the new Davis attribution, but he was away from the office.

When asked for comment, Kennesaw Mountain park ranger Ray Hamel said: "If you feel the new information is reflective of accurate scholarship, I think it's safe to say the credit can go to Davis."

Folders in the park's collection show Storrs' batteries (Jake Boling/NPS)

The Picket learned about the drawing from a Facebook post by the park about the collaboration with the Library of Congress. The post said the sketch “matches up almost perfectly with the park's own records.” (At the time of our call, Boling and I understood the drawing to have been done by Waud.)

Chittenden said the public -- should they want to propose changes or additions to an image description -- can reach out to the Library of Congress’ Prints and Photographs page via its “Ask a Librarian” form. “Once we receive a request to update a catalog record, we try to verify the information before making any changes.”

Boling said he and fellow park staffers try to be transparent to the public about where they get their information. He points out that most of the visitors to the popular site come for recreation and do not realize the park also tells the history of the area.

“We try to set the standard for accurate, unbiased information, and research opportunities and resources.”

Andre Braugher, who played Cpl. Thomas Searles in 'Glory,' dies at 61

Andre Braugher, who gained fame portraying a member of the 54^th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment in the 1989 film “Glory,” has died at age 61, according to news reports.

Braugher played Cpl. Thomas Searles, a sensitive African-American recruit who had a difficult time adjusting to army life and was ridiculed by many of his comrades.

But the bookish Searles, who was a family friend of white regimental commander Col. Robert Gould Shaw, toughened up and volunteered to carry the flag should the color bearer fall during the Union assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, S.C., in July 1863.

When Shaw asks whether anyone would pick up the staff, Searles stepped forward and said, “I will” to cheers.

“I’ll see you in the fort, Thomas,” said an emotional Shaw, played by Matthew Broderick, who before then ordered the soldier not to speak to him by first name.

Shaw, Searles and many other members of the regiment died in the failed assault.

“Glory” also starred Denzel Washington, Cary Elwes and Morgan Freeman.

Braugher  (left, Peabody Awards photo via Wikipedia) later starred in a number of movies and television shows, including “Homicide: Life on the Street” and the comedy series “Brooklyn Nine-Nine,” according to CNN.

In 2015, the actor introduced “Glory” when it was broadcast on USA Network.

“It was an incredible honor to be involved in ‘Glory’ and work amongst a tremendous cast to highlight some of our nation’s first black military heroes,” said Braugher, according to The Wrap.

“The film pays tribute to the brave soldiers and inspires us to defy adversity when all odds are against us, while paying tribute to those who selflessly fought to preserve the union during the American Civil War."

Reuters: How slaveholding families reasserted themselves after the Civil War

One fifth of the U.S. political elite are direct descendants of slaveholders. In examining the lineages of three current members of Congress, Reuters focused on how their forebears reclaimed family wealth and power in the decades following the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era. It was a time when the old South sought to reassert itself socially and politically, stripping away the rights Black people had gained during Reconstruction before federal troops withdrew from the region in 1877. -- Article

Was this wagon wheel shattered in explosion as Sherman's troops took S.C. capital? Experts hope to learn more when they conserve hundreds of artifacts

The wheel hub recovered from the Congaree River (Courtesy of Sean Norris, TRC Companies)

A metal detector first noticed the round object buried in the bed of the Congaree River in Columbia, S.C. Archaeologists surmised it was a just another rubber tire -- one of many found during an extensive river cleanup.

After all, some 2.5 tons of debris – including trash, tires and scrap metal – were carted off during the removal of toxic, century-old coal tar along the shoreline, Dominion Energy announced last month.

Crews decided to dig out the object by hand, expecting an item made well past the Civil War-era.

“Once it was exposed, we knew we had something much more interesting than that,” said Sean Norris, program archaeologist for TRC Companies, a subcontractor for Dominion Energy.

The item was the shattered hub of a wagon wheel, and it’s possible it was damaged in an explosion when Union troops who took the city in February 1865 dumped tons of captured Confederate ordnance into the Congaree. (Photo below, courtesy of South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum)

The artifact was found an area where numerous rounds of Civil War ammunition were recovered.

“We had a few folks from the (South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum) take a preliminary look and our consensus was that this wheel fit the time frame for a Civil War-era wagon. The location in association with other artifacts of that time period lead us to believe that this wheel was deposited around the same time the other ordnance was dumped in the river,” Norris said in an email.

“The official records mention the explosion and the destruction of a wagon and a team of mules in a couple correspondences. It seems possible that what was left of the wagon after it was destroyed was thrown in the river along with everything else that was being dumped. There would be no specific reason for the wagon parts to be discarded elsewhere.”

Wartime reports indicated three Federal soldiers, including Capt. Williamson M. Davis, died in the explosion. Another 20 or so troops were injured.

The wheel, which shows signs of charring, currently rests in a plastic vat at the Relic Room in Columbia as it awaits conservation.

The museum typically has it covered with a wet towel and plastic bag to keep in moisture. Exposed wood -- if left to dry before conservation -- can disintegrate, experts said.

Archaeologists recovered about 500 Civil War artifacts during the project. Most of those will go to the Relic Room after treatment, which could take up to 18 months, said Chelsea Sigourney, curator of exhibits and collections.

Exhibit on burning of Columbia (Courtesy South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum)

“Some artifacts will be stabilized in distilled water and later go through electrolysis” at the South Carolina Institute for Archaeology and Anthropology (SCIAA), Sigourney told the Picket.

“I’d like to be able to have a small exhibit about what is collected from the dig, but that is a project for the future. I wouldn’t even attempt to set a date for that until we hear conservation is complete,” the curator said.

The Relic Room has exhibits that mention Sherman’s occupation and the burning of the capital.

Remnants of Rebel sword, canister and iron spike points (James Legg, SCIAA)

James Legg, public archaeologist for SCIAA, said the agency will handle the bulk of the conservation work. 

“I think I currently have about 200 Civil War artifacts and an assortment of other metal artifacts. This is essentially what the EOD (explosive ordnance disposal) teams recovered during excavation, and it was convenient to bring it on over here to SCIAA in anticipation of the TRC contract,” Legg told the Picket.

“TRC still has a collection of similar or somewhat smaller size that was recovered during the off-site screening process. They may conserve some or all of that group,” he said.

Numerous cannonballs were recovered (James Legg, SCIAA)

The Civil War-related artifacts found during the project include some 6-pounder, 12-pounder and 10-inch projectiles, a large number of canister and grape shot balls, canister plates, small arms ammunition and a Confederate sword blade. Only the lead bullets will not require conservation

“The entire collection (or the half or more that I do) will take about a year to complete, once we begin. I will use electrolytic reduction, manual cleaning and other neutralization techniques before sealing each piece,” Legg wrote in an email.

He said it was unclear who would do the work on the wagon wheel. 

Allen Roberson, executive director of the Relic Room, said he has submitted a proposal for funding of an exhibit room on the discoveries.

Details of Sherman's campaign (Courtesy South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum)

“Some of that dig is fascinating,” Roberson told the Carolina News and Reporter. “I think the archaeological recovery is almost as insane as what you pull out of the river.”

He told the news outlet that the exhibit may open in a year and a half to two years.

Norris said most of the river artifacts are at a TRC Companies laboratory, awaiting conservation and curation. He expects analysis of the wheel to begin in the new year.

Archaeologists did not find any other wheels, metal hubs or large pieces of wood near the wheel.

A giant oak at the Resaca battlefield in NW Georgia was a thing of beauty. Now the witness tree is gone, a victim of time and a storm

Tree in better days, after storm, reduced to stump, a writing in the wood (Friends of Resaca)

An imposing witness tree that greeted visitors to Resaca Battlefield Historic Site in northwest Georgia is gone, lost to weather and old age.

Ken Padgett with the Friends of Resaca said the oak was only about 10 years old during the May 13-15, 1864, Battle of Resaca, the second-bloodiest of the Atlanta Campaign. A Georgia Department of Natural Resources employee performed a drilling of the tree in about 2014 and came up with the estimate, he said.

The friends group recently posted photos of the stump and said a storm last year finished off the oak, which was showing signs of decay.

“She was a beautiful tree,” one Facebook commenter said. “The field looked bare yesterday without her, even though it needed to be done.”

Before it was recently cut up and hauled away, portions of the tree were propped up and it was a safety risk to the public, according to Tony Patton of the friends group.

Much of the western part of the battlefield is contained within the park, which is bordered by Interstate 75.

The spot where the tree was located is approximately where the Union’s 20th Corps and the 14th Corps overlapped, said Patton (in Friends of Resaca photo).

Federal units attacked the Confederate line on May 14, and Hooker’s 20th Corps supported Palmer’s 14th Corps in the Camp Creek area near the witness tree. (See American Battlefield Trust map below for details on units)

The once-proud oak had broken limbs after a 2022 storm (Friends of Resaca)

Patton said it’s difficult to pin down specific units that attacked near the oak but the 102^nd Illinois of the 20^th Corps was there a short time before it was “pulled out and sent around to the north end of the battlefield to help repel the Confederate attack on the afternoon of the 14th.” The regiment fought through the end of the Atlanta Campaign and was in combat in South Carolina and North Carolina at war's end.

Carlin’s brigade within the 14^th Corps was in that part of the field much of the day. 

There are impressive accounts of the 21^st  Wisconsin Infantry, which had recruits from the Oneida tribe, according to Patton.

The Federal assault on the Confederate right-center (Cleburne, Bate and Hindman) petered out around 3 p.m., “having achieved nothing but casualties,” according to the American Battlefield Trust.

Fighting continued the next day but the battle proved to be inconclusive.

There was one result: The South’s Joseph E. Johnston was forced to retreat from the field due to a wide flanking maneuver by William T. Sherman.

Resaca Battlefield Historic Site in Gordon County contains significant remnants of Rebel earthworks, including an impressive length of trenches visible on the Red Battlefield Trail (Signs point out metal detectors are banned and artifacts cannot be removed).

Patton said a witness tree on the Blue Battlefield Trail survives.

Northwest Georgia is replete with Civil War sites, and the Resaca area includes the park, a Confederate cemetery in the town, Fort Wayne and an annual battle reenactment on a separate property.

“The attendance is great by both local recreation users and history buffs alike,” Padgett said of the historic site a few years back. “We have hosted many tour groups from around the South and had many national visitors.”

(Note: To see where the witness tree was located at Resaca Battlefield Historic Site, click the map and see the red arrow west of River Battlefield Trail)

Witness trees still can be found in many Civil War battlefields, including Gettysburg and Manassas, where the park suggests soldiers got under the leaves for shade or rested by leaning on a trunk.

The National Park Service also has a protection program at historic sites in the Washington, D.C., area, including the White House and National Mall.

The witness flora “provide essential context and markers on battlefields, allowing us to better identify where parts of chaotic battles occurred,” says the American Battlefield Trust. “The trees, like the land we save, have seen things we cannot imagine, and bear the marks of those events.”

Patton puts the situation at Resaca succinctly:

”It's very tragic that another piece of history is gone.”