The Army at first thought a shell found this summer on a Wisconsin range may have been from the Civil War. Who actually made the 10-pounder? These guys!

The shell found at a Wisconsin training range (Claudia Neve/U.S. Army) and Bruce and Bernie (right) Paulson
on the set of "The Blue and the Gray" miniseries in 1981 (Courtesy Stephen Osman)

Stephen Osman has been pards with Bernie and Bruce Paulson for 50 years. They traveled in the 1970s to historic sites around the country, setting off cannons and having a good time along the way.

“They’re just characters. I spent a lot of time with them,” said Osman, who served with the identical twins in the First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry reenactment group.

He describes them as exuberant and a force of nature, barging into a museum or military site with a host of questions. He jokes they even snore in tandem.

But when it comes to their occupation, the Paulsons are decidedly serious. Their inquisitiveness, creativity and resolve have made them leaders in the field of replica Civil War ammunition, cannons and gun carriages.

Osman’s friendship with the siblings, who operate Paulson Brothers Ordnance Corporation in Clear Lake, Wis., came full circle this summer, when the U.S. Army turned to experts after an unusual artillery shell – believed to possibly date to the Civil War -- was found on a training range at Fort McCoy, Wis.

Bernie Paulson in the large room that holds cannons, carriages and wagons (Courtesy John Phillips)

“There was no Civil War battle around here, no training from that era, so it left us wondering: how did it get here?” said garrison archaeologist Ryan Howell, according to an Army news release about the mystery find. Compounding the mystery was the ordnance had a spot for a fuse, common in the 19^th century.

The Army said the ammunition was rendered safe, but Osman  said black powder inside would long have been by ruined by rainfall.

Osman, retired site manager of Historic Fort Snelling in Minneapolis, was among those contacted. Could this be an authentic Civil War shell, as first believed? That seemed unlikely since the fort began operations in 1909.

Osman took a look at the photos and determined the round was non-ferrous and – most importantly – was made by the Paulson brothers and fired by them at Fort McCoy decades ago, back when the Army allowed certain groups to use the site. The siblings were known for using zinc, an element used postwar.

The bottom of the shell indicates it is a modern make (Claudia Neve / U.S. Army)

Another clue was the inscription “10 PDR” on the bottom of the shell, referring to it as a 10-pound round. That label did not appear on ammunition made during the war.

The replica shell was an early prototype when the twins were still figuring out how to make quality reproduction weapons. The shell either never made firm impact or the fuse popped out upon landing, Osman and Bernie Paulson said.

Bernie, 83, told the Picket in a recent phone call he and Bruce were making these in the 1970s and before they found drawings that helped them improve design and construction.

“You talk about crude,” he said of their fuses in the early days.

But the Paulsons went to the West Point foundry and a New York library to dig deep into Civil War artillery, including the work of Alfred Mordecai and a muzzle-loading cannon and ammunition created by 19^th-century inventor Robert Parrott.

The First Minnesota fires a mortar at Fort McCoy in the 1980s (Courtesy Stephen Osman)

Since then, they have made or finished thousands of rounds and are well-known in the re-enacting community.

Thomas Bailey, who operates Historical Ordnance Works in Woodstock, Ga., said he participated in gun firings with the Paulsons several years back. Back then, that could be done on military ranges, including Camp Ripley in Minnesota.

“I shot with them numerous times and they like to do that as authentic as possible,” said Bailey. “I served on their 10-inch mortar, their heavy 12 (Napoleon) and a 20-pounder.”

He noticed something else about the interaction between Bruce and Bernie.

“They could anticipate the other man’s thoughts and facilitate that.” 

They have another lasting bond: Bernie's son is named Bruce, and Bruce's son is named Bernie.

The First Minnesota firing weapons in the early 1980s (Courtesy Stephen Osman)

Historians' research saved shell from being blown up

It’s not uncommon for firing ranges or battlefields to be littered with unexploded ordnance. That was especially true during the Civil War, when artillery shells failed to go off for myriad reasons. Many Confederate shells fired at Gettysburg turned out to be duds, likely because of poor or ejected fuses.

Fort McCoy, in western Wisconsin, has an array of training – including firing ranges -- for the armed forces.

The artillery shell in question was found in July in what is called the Northern Impact Area, which has been operational since 1942. The Army did not provide details on whether it was found flat on the ground, protruding or otherwise.

The shell eventually will be displayed at Fort McCoy (Claudia Neve / U.S. Army)

An Army article earlier this month said a Wisconsin Air National Guard ordnance team was expected to blow the shell up. “Thankfully, before that was possible historians stepped in to do research on the possibly rare artifact,” the article said.

“Initial theories speculated that the artifact could have been a battlefield souvenir brought to the base during World War II, as it wasn’t uncommon for soldiers to collect items to take home.”

Tonya Townsell, public affairs officer for Fort McCoy, said Matt Flueger and Osman (right), both historians and collectors, were eventually consulted and Osman made the positive match with the Paulsons.

The Army news release highlighted the overlap between artifacts and modern weaponry.

 “Pictures of it fooled all the experts,” Howell concluded, “but in the end, what we found was not from the 1860s battlefield -- it was from a 1970s reenactment.”

The shell will eventually make its way to be on display at the Fort McCoy History Center, officials said.

It's one thing to read about fishing ...

Re-enactors including the Paulsons were permitted to fire replica and period cannon on the post between 1970 and 1991, Townsell told the Picket.

Bernie Paulson recalls the brothers and the First Minnesota firing various original artillery pieces once a year at Fort McCoy after the garrison gave them permission. (That ended after Sept. 11, 2001). The firings were closed to the general public, he said. “Let’s try it out at Fort McCoy to field test this equipment,” they thought at the time.

“Let’s just say you are an avid fisherman. You read all the books you can find about fishing and the bait. But it doesn’t do you any good unless you throw your line in the water.”

They brought in bigger guns, including a massive 13-inch seacoast mortar (above). Grainy videos on the Paulson Brothers website show crews in action and puffs of smoke at various locations. At Fort McCoy, their 10-pounder guns had an effective range of about one mile.

“The whole idea is you can bring Civil War cannon to an Army artillery range and fire live ammunition just like it was in the Civil War,” Bernie said.

'Risk takers' took their game to another level

According to news articles I have perused, the brothers had an interest in the Civil War since they were young. They first got into making garden and agricultural tools before turning to the Civil War. They love working with machinery.

Stephen Osman (with sword) next to the Paulsons in 1978 (Courtesy Stephen Osman)

“We were risk takers. We were always risk takers. We just happened to be successful,” Bruce told the Pioneer Press in 2015.

Their operation is about an hour east of the Twin Cities and they have restored or made new weapons. As Minnesota Public Radio points out, cannons and mortars are lined up outside and appear to be trained on a parking lot and buildings across the street.

The website lists metal gun carriages, cannonballs (minus explosive material), parts and implements, including sponges, buckets and spikes. The Paulsons formerly produced cannons.

As their research improved and production increased, the Paulsons became well-known in re-enacting circles. They were filmed for the 1982 TV miniseries “The Blue and the Gray,” starring Stacy Keach.

John Phillips, a Civil War reenactor and member of Battery I, 1^st U.S. Light Artillery, has toured the Paulsons’ building and uploaded six videos.

“As you can imagine, touring the Paulson museum holds quite a bit of history,” he told the Picket.

The brothers source their material from five foundries and often finish products before sale.

A couple cannoneering keepsakes in his garden

Osman, a collector who writes for a monthly newsletter for the Twin Cities Civil War Round Table, did not fire with the Paulsons at Fort McCoy, but he did at Camp Ripley. The twins recreated progressive rifling, he said.

Bailey, the Georgia ordnance seller, said the twins “are the first people in my lifetime that really started to produce Civil War artillery carriages and related vehicles.”

The brothers have slowed down a bit but are still actively in business. Osman keeps a couple Paulson shells (left) in a rock garden at his Minneapolis home.

Osman said the men are innovators in the field of explosive rounds.

“They were fanatics and tripled their effectiveness by learning and researching.”

I asked Osman for photos showing the Paulsons. One image is from “The Blue and the Gray” set (above), humorously holding cannon props.

The other was taken in 1978 of the First Minnesota re-enactors (also above).

Osman is in the front row, holding a sword and standing next to a drummer. The Paulsons are to his left.

I asked him to identify the pair.

“Gimme a break,” he said. “They are identical twins.”

North Carolina's Fort Fisher will reopen Wednesday after six-month closure for completion of new visitor center, notable rebuilding of earthworks section

A gun emplacement is ready for a replica 32-pounder to be installed (all photos Fort Fisher SHS)

Drier weather in the past month – following damaging rainfall in mid-September – allowed construction crews to complete recreated earthworks ready for the reopening of Fort Fisher State Historic Site near Kure Beach, N.C, this Wednesday.

The Civil War site’s new two-story visitor center and the earthworks will open at 9 a.m. Guided tours will be held throughout the day. Patrons will be able to walk up new replica gun emplacements

The site closed in April to allow completion of the visitor center and the recreation of three traverses, bombproofs, a magazine and the sally port. Fort Fisher’s use during World War II helped the Allied cause but destroyed some of its familiar defensive traverses. They were removed to make way for an airstrip when the area was used for training anti-aircraft and coastal artillery units.

Last month, about 18 inches of rain created a cascade of mud at the earthworks site, delaying the site's opening by several weeks.

Rifled and banded pieces are put in place in view of the new visitor center

Everything is complete except one artillery emplacement, said assistant site manager Chad Jefferds.

“Once things dried out enough, (crews)  had to go about getting the dirt that had washed down back onto the mound. This allowed for the carpenters to construct the gun emplacements. It was impressive how quickly they finished everything in light of where things were immediately after the storm,” he said.

Bordeaux Construction of Morrisville, N.C, was the main contractor. The company's Facebook page last week had this account of the placing of artillery.

“The cannon installation was very smooth; it only took around 30 minutes – but it required a 125’ crane with roughly 6,000 lbs of counterweight to be able to get it into location. The carriage had to sit on a 'pintle block' (a concrete column with a cast iron pin about 2” wide on top. There was a hole for this pin under the carriage that was the same size. This took some precise positioning, but we were able to set it (in) one smooth motion.”

Fort Fisher was built on the peninsula between the Cape Fear River and the Atlantic Ocean, south of Wilmington. It is best known as a crucial coastal bastion for the Confederacy.

On Jan. 15, 1865, after a naval bombardment, the Federal army attacked from the western, river side while Marines pushed in from the northeast bastion.

Essentially everything between Shepherd’s Battery on the western end of the fort’s land face and the center sally port were the scenes of intense fighting during the US Army’s assault.

The three new traverses, as with the original six, were the scenes of heavy, close-quarters combat as Union troops pushed east.

The fall of the "Gibraltar of the South" cut off blockade runners and the last supply line through Wilmington to Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia.

The new visitor center stands about 100 yards from the fort wall. It is just north of the east-west line mounds of earth known as traverses. Much of the eastern part of the fort has been claimed by the ocean. 

There is no admission charge for visiting Fort Fisher, but donations are accepted..

Regarding the visitor center, “New sections covering the time before Fort Fisher as well as the span of time between the Civil War and WWII are where we had to bring in the most new artifacts,” Jefferds told the Picket.

“The story is the same and Fort Fisher is obviously the central theme, but the way it’s told is different. We’ve tried to tell the story of Fort Fisher through the eyes of the people who lived, worked, fought and died here.”

The next big event on the site's calendar is the 160th battle anniversary on Jan. 18, 2025. Interpreters will be stationed in the new earthworks.

In case you are wondering whether the weather will again play high jinks for the opening: The forecast for Wednesday calls for partly cloudy skies in the Wilmington area.

USS Cairo gets a much-needed deep cleaning at Vicksburg. The hope is one day the ironclad removed from the Yazoo River will be moved inside to safeguard its future

A conservator studies the white oak and yellow pine used in construction (NPS photo)

The first step in ensuring long-term protection of the remnants of USS Cairo, the first armored vessel sunk by an electrically detonated torpedo, has included the removal of 555 pounds of dirt and debris – and counting.

Terra Mare Conservation has been at Vicksburg National Military Park in Mississippi since September, conducting dry and wet cleaning of the canopy-covered Union vessel. Park officials say it’s the first time in more than a decade the vessel has undergone “critically needed cleaning and conservation work.”

Superintendent Carrie A. Mardorf told the Picket in an email that nothing is being rebuilt or replaced. “The NPS is taking a strictly preservation approach to the gunboat.”

Terra Mare also is repairing and stabilizing any damaged areas of the white oak and yellow pine used in construction. Corrosion on the bow and cannons is being treated and paint is being touched up.

The Cairo and accompanying museum officially opened in 1980 (NPS)

The ironclad sank in the Yazoo River on Dec. 12, 1862, after it struck a floating Confederate mine. It went down in 12 minutes. Recovered in the 1960s, the Cairo has been a popular draw at the Civil War park since the late 1970s.

The park has posted a couple updates on Facebook, prompting some commenters to ask why the famed wreck is not in a building, away from the elements..

“Enclosing the USS Cairo in an interior setting with climate control is ultimately the best way to preserve the boat for future generations,” Mardorf told the Picket. “All of the recent science and studies that the park has completed in the past year recommend protecting the gunboat with an interior enclosure; however, doing so would require specialized construction funding.”

Congress is currently considering reauthorization of the Great American Outdoors Act (GAOA), she said. “If renewed, GAOA may provide some funding for the long-term preservation of the USS Cairo.”

Recent work on the site and vacuum bags containing dirt and debris (NPS)

For now, conservators are giving the warship TLC and a top-to-bottom cleaning, removing dirt, dust, pollen, rodent and bird nests, bird guano and trash.

“The biggest surprise thus far has been the amount of dirt removed. As Terra Mare cleans, they are learning a lot more about the condition of the wood and metals, which will be summarized in a final report for the park,” said Mardorf.

The team this week is cleaning the metal pilot house and boilers.

Work is expected to conclude in mid-November. Further temporary closures of the exhibit are possible to protect the public from airborne particles.

The USS Cairo has been treated with a variety of chemical sprays and coatings since the 1970s. Additional studies will be carried out to determine if fungal and insect infestations are present, according to a park summary of the project. “Long-term, the park will embark on a regular, cyclic cleaning and conservation schedule for the ship.”

Mardorf says all of what the public sees is original, with the exception of the 1980s Glulam structure that holds the boat in place.  

The end comes in the Yazoo River above Vicksburg

The USS Cairo’s fame has far exceeded its brief history. Built in a hurry in Mound City, Ill., and commissioned in January 1862, the ironclad sank only 11 months later.

The USS Cairo at anchor in 1862 (Library of Congress)

At 175 feet long and with a top speed of six knots, the vessel carried 13 guns and 251 officers and men. Seven shallow-draft City Class river ironclads prowled the Mississippi River and connecting shallow waterways, menacing Confederate supply lines and shore batteries, the National Park Service says.

The Cairo saw limited action at Plum Point (Fort Pillow), Tenn., in May 1862 and Memphis the following month. Before the Federal attack on Haynes Bluff, Cairo skipper Lt. Cmdr. Thomas O. Selfridge Jr. (below) led a small flotilla of gunboats into the hazardous confines of the Yazoo River on Dec. 12, 1862.

“Tasked with destroying Confederate batteries and clearing the river of torpedoes (underwater mines) the flotilla inched its way up the murky waters. As the Cairo reached a point seven miles north of Vicksburg the flotilla came under fire and the aggressive Selfridge ordered his guns to the ready and called for full steam, bringing the ironclad into action,” the NPS says.

“Seconds later, disaster struck. Cairo was rocked by two explosions in quick succession. The first tore and gaping hole into the port (left) bow of the wooden hulled ironclad. The second detonated a moment later near the armored belt amidships on the starboard side. The hole on the bow proved to be catastrophic.”

Selfridge ordered the Cairo to be beached and the crew to abandon ship. The Cairo slid from the river bank into 36 feet of water with no loss of life. About a half dozen sailors were injured.

Mud protected the ironclad for almost 100 years

The ill-fated ironclad disappeared into history for nearly a century.

Using maps and an old military compass, the legendary Ed Bearss, a historian at Vicksburg National Military Park at the time, and two comrades found the mud-encased ironclad in 1956.

Despite financial shortfalls, barge problems and a zero-visibility river that deposited silt at an alarming rate, the vessel was eventually raised in 1960 and 1964-65.

A portion of the casemate rests on a barge in the Yazoo River (NPS)

Hopes of lifting the ironclad and her cargo of artifacts intact were crushed in October 1964 when the three-inch cables being used to lift the Cairo cut deeply into its wooden hull. It then became a question of saving as much of the vessel as possible. The decision was made to recover the USS Cairo in three sections.

Barges carried the remnants to Pascagoula, Ms. The wreck was moved in 1977 to the Vicksburg park, where it was partially reconstructed and placed on a concrete foundation.

The recovery of artifacts revealed a trove of weapons, munitions, naval stores, and personal property that help tell the story of the sailors that once called the ship home, according to the NPS.

Navy's new heritage and history museum in DC aims to be a more accessible tourist destination with Civil War and other artifacts, a conference center and retail

Conceptual drawing of the interior, subject to changes (AtkinsRéalis Group Inc.)

The new home of the National Museum of the United States Navy – which has some of the Civil War’s most-treasured naval artifacts – will feature a conference center, retail space and enhanced public access, officials announced in Washington, D.C., on Friday.

Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro and others gathered at the planned campus at Tingey Street and M Street just outside the Washington Navy Yard. Speakers said the museum will go from a traditional site to a more engaging campus, all the while ensuring the story of sailors' courage and sacrifice will continue to be told.

“It is intended to be a self-funded tourist destination that aims to intrigue, inform and inspire generations of visitors,” the Naval History and Heritage Command said in a news release.

The Navy will work with the nonprofit Navy Museum Development Foundation on construction and operation.

The news release did not indicate when the new site might open. The Picket reached out the Navy and the foundation about any plans to display Civil War artifacts, and they said any firm plans for their future have not been made.

One of several ship's models in the current Building 76 (U.S. Navy photo)

Building 76 of the current museum has been open on Saturdays only as curators and staff prepare for the new location. The “Securing the Seas” Civil War exhibit focuses on control of trade routes, the Federal blockade and technology.

Visitors have to provide ID and have limited access to the area because it is on the secure Washington Navy Yard. The new location will be outside the yard, meaning access will not be restrictive.

The main naval battles explored are New Orleans, Mobile Bay, Hampton Roads and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and Confederate commerce raider Alabama near Cherbourg, France.

Numerous items related to that clash are on display, including the shattered sternpost of the Kearsarge (below), a ship’s bell and a toilet.

Most of the objects from Alabama that were considered underwater archaeological recovery pieces have been removed from display, says Wesley Schwenk, registrar for the museum in Washington. They are retained in storage for preservation purposes. 

Items that have been on display in “Securing the Seas” include a watch bell from USS Merrimack, a Confederate frame torpedo, mustard and pepper bottles from USS Monitor, ship models, a sword belonging to Rear Adm. David D. Farragut and a 12-pounder howitzer.

A drawing on the foundation’s website appears to show an historic Navy building within the new campus.

“The new museum will also become the cornerstone of a Navy Campus based on a sustainable business model designed for long-term durability of the project,” the foundation says. “In addition to freeing up critically needed space at Washington Navy Yard, the mixed-use Campus will create opportunities for vitally needed revenue streams to support museum programs.”

The website touts the city’s “hottest neighborhood” and 22 million annual visitors to the District of Columbia.

“The new National Museum of the U.S. Navy will provide a dramatically improved opportunity for the American public to be inspired by the long history of valor and sacrifice of American sailors in the defense of our country, and to learn the vital importance of seapower to our way of life,” said NHHC director Samuel J. Cox in the news release.

Officials with the foundation cautioned the design of the museum may look very different from conceptual plans on its website.

Kristina Higgins, a public affairs officer for the Navy History and Heritage Command, said submitted design concepts are being considered.

Conceptual drawing of the interior, subject to change (AtkinsRéalis Group Inc.)

“The exhibits in the new museum will be completely researched, designed and installed from a blank slate, drawing upon community input and the very latest scholarship and interpretations in the field of U.S. Naval History,” Higgins said in an email. “To the extent that current exhibits support the interpretations designed for the new building, they may be moved.”

Officials said the museum will include items from the full breadth of naval history.

“Not every item currently on exhibit in the NMUSN will be moved on to the floor of the new museum as new galleries are designed” according to Higgins. “Some pieces may not fit with the new story being told, and therefore they will be placed in our off-exhibit collection to be used at a later date.”

Building 76 will be used as office space, conservation and storage of off-exhibit items in the short term. Long-term plans will be dependent on the needs of the Washington Navy Yard, officials said.

Union soldier's remains were forgotten. Now, they rest in a Rhode Island cemetery

The cremains of Civil War Union soldier and Pawtucket, Rhode Island, native Byron R. Johnson were laid to rest on Wednesday, more than a century after his death. The burial marked one of the final Civil War soldier interments in the United States, offering a unique opportunity to honor the historic moment. “It’s special to begin with -- to have someone who served in this war and his cremains coming back. It’s very unique,” Pawtucket Mayor Donald Grebien said. -- Article

Descendants of 2 Ohio soldiers who took part in daring Andrews Raid make visit to where they were hanged as spies. The men finally received the Medal of Honor this year, and families also saw their new headstones

The new headstones for Perry Shadrach and George Wilson in Chattanooga (Picket photos)

I am just back from Chattanooga, Tenn., where I covered Sunday afternoon's unveiling of new Medal of Honor headstones for two participants in the Union’s Andrews Raid during the Civil War.

The story of the Great Locomotive Chase and the bravery of its volunteers has to be one of the most memorable and moving I have reported on in the Picket’s 15 years.

The sabotage mission along the Western & Atlantic Railroad from Atlanta to Chattanooga in 1862 was a tactical failure, but was a boost to the war-weary North and brought the first Medal of Honors.

Descendants of raiders, supporters and loved ones at Tunnel Hill in Georgia (Picket photo)

Eight raiders were hanged in Atlanta as spies after the Great Locomotive Chase, among them Pvt. George D. Wilson and Pvt. Perry Shadrach, who were finally awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously this past summer.

Descendants from all over, mostly Ohio, traveled to the South to take a bus tour Saturday along the Georgia route of the locomotive chase involving the locomotives General and the Texas.

They visited the Coolidge Medal of Honor National Heritage Center on Sunday, where they saw the new Wilson medal and one for fellow raider Jacob Parrott, before traveling to Chattanooga National Cemetery for a moving ceremony at the gravesites. (At left, retired Army Gen. Burwell B. Bell III with photos of Shadrach and Wilson)

I was with descendants over the weekend and posted about 40 (whew) updates on Facebook

I feel so lucky to have been there and be entrusted with these stories – not only the sacrifice of these men, but the long effort by their families and supporters to see that Shadrach and Wilson receive the nation’s top military medal for incredible valor. There were a lot of twists and turns as they tried to right a wrong (or oversight).

I hope to write a longer post but, for now, please see all the updates on the Picket’s Facebook page. These vignettes gave me insight into the families behind these American heroes.

Thanks so much for your interest!

Kennesaw's Wallis house and Civil War signal station: Georgia Tech student creates 3D drawings to help in new interpretation of field hospital, HQ site

The side and front of the closed Wallis house (Picket photos) and Union Maj, Gen. O.O. Howard

Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard made a wise choice by picking the Josiah Wallis house for his headquarters during the Union advance on Kennesaw Mountain in Georgia. Rising near the circa 1853 dwelling is Harriston Hill, which was a perfect spot for a signal station because of its sweeping view of the valley leading to the Confederate lines atop the mountain.

The Wallis House, which served as a field hospital for both sides in June 1864, survives today. though it is in pretty rough condition. Harriston Hill, also known as Signal Hill, includes remnants of Confederate earthworks. Now part of Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, the two sites – separated by a subdivision -- await new use. The park says they can add a largely missing element: interpreting to visitors the Federal strategy at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain.

There’s a lot of work being conducted before that goal is accomplished.

A master of architecture candidate at Georgia Tech in Atlanta has used LiDar (remote sensing technology) and a drone to create a model of the Wallis House for the National Park Service, which operates the park. He is wrapping up drawings for use in a historic structure report (HSR) that will be completed by the park next spring and used as a launching point on recommendations for use of the properties.

The two marked park parcels at left, features of the Wallis house at right (NPS, click to enlarge)

“Any time you have a chance to get to know a building is exciting, to understand it’s story a little more,” said Danielle Willkens, an associate professor of architecture at Georgia Tech. “You are on hallowed ground and that is palpable. There is another level of responsibility attached to the site.”

Willkens and student Thomas Bordeaux have been working with Suzanne Roche, the park’s first archaeologist. She told the Picket officials would like to see the two-bedroom Wallis house available to park visitors at some point, but it will require repairs and upgrades.

“Everyone is excited about having this house,” Roche said during a recent phone call. “They (park rangers) have been incorporating some interpretive information in their talks.”

It took years to protect and transfer site to park service

The Georgia Tech survey and a November 2021 NPS cultural landscape report on the Wallis farm and Signal Hill have brought new energy to the site, which has largely been out of the headlines in recent years.

The Wallis house was in “imminent danger” of being demolished, according to an NPS official who provided a statement to Congress in June 2010 in support of enlarging the park to include the sites. A developer had purchased 27 acres, including Harriston Hill and the Wallis homestead, in 2002, according to the official. 

Charlie Crawford, president emeritus of the Georgia Battlefields Association, recalls arguing against a rezoning for much of Signal Hill. “Although the Wallis house parcel was not part of the rezoning application, I said that the house and Signal Hill were both parts of a whole, both contributing to the site’s significant history.”

Working with the Cobb Land Trust, the Cobb County government acquired seven acres from the developer, including the farm and hill. About 43 homes are in the subdivision.

The land was donated to the federal park years later, in 2019, after Congress finally permitted expansion of the boundaries. (At left, entrance to the subdivision, Picket photo). The Covid crisis slowed action in 2020.

“I certainly agree this has been a long struggle,” Crawford told the Picket in an email.

“The inherent problem is making the building safe to visit (and up to code on electric, plumbing, HVAC) while still restoring its historical appearance.”

The house is off-limits, but that may change one day

Today, the setting is hardly bucolic. Cars whizz by on two busy highways – Burnt Hickory Road and Ernest W. Barrett Parkway – and the 41-home subdivision separates the Wallis house and Signal Hill. The park has no trespassing signs around the house, which is largely obscured by trees and vegetation. It allows no visitors to the property, citing safety and security concerns. Walking along Burnt Hickory is not recommended.

The 2021 cultural landscape report details ways to interpret the sites. At Signal Hill, some of the trees could be thinned so that visitors could get a view of Big and Little Kennesaw mountains. A trail to the entrenchments, which need to be stabilized, and other features could be built, along with interpretive markers. The Wallis farm could feature an outdoor education area, parking, restroom and signs.

The clash at Kennesaw Mountain was a costly, but brief setback during the Federal advance on Atlanta. Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, commander of Union forces, was at the Wallis house during the Battle of Kolb’s Farm to the south.

Park and local officials are hoping the home can tell several stories, possibly featuring an exhibit on the role of African-American soldiers and civilians during the Civil War.

“General Howard is an important historical figure because of his successful leadership on the battlefield and his post-Civil War support of former slaves as head of the Freedmen's Bureau and founder of Howard University,” says the NPS.

His grandpa got tired of relic collectors

The Wallis house has been vacant for more than two decades. The site includes the home, original well and remains of two chicken coops and a smokehouse.

Commentary on a Historical Marker Database page about the dwelling includes a description by a Georgia man who said his grandfather acquired the land in the 1940s or 1950s.

“At the time of the purchase there were still doors inside the home with damage from a small skirmish fought on the property and within the home itself. Many floor boards were missing, and the house was in a general state of disrepair,” wrote Martin Jordan.

“It was not uncommon at all during the ‘60s and on for my grandfather to have to chase off relic seekers from the property surrounding the house, which was lined with trenches and earthworks,” Jordan added.

They don't build 'em like they used to

Willkens, the Georgia Tech professor, said the project has provided an ideal way for students to engage in preservation work. Bordeaux spent several days scanning the site, which was “very difficult” because of tree cover. The lack of other historic buildings nearby provided challenges on context.

Willkens (right) describes the house as a standard vernacular cottage, though its construction is a bit of a mystery. She thought at first it may have been a gable and saltbox style, but that is not the case. “It has some atypical arrangements.”

For some reason, the builders did not remove a massive tree stump before construction, she said.

The team took paint samples, ascertaining the original colors and is working with experts at the Smithsonian Institution to learn more about wood used in the dilapidated building.

“That house was probably built a lot better than something built five years ago,” said Willkens. “They have old growth trees, some additional redundancy in the structure.”

Postwar additions include a kitchen, laundry room, bathroom and back porch. Roche said no decision has been made about their fate, though the 2021 report suggests removing modern features.

The park would not provide photos of the home’s interior or Georgia Tech’s model and drawings, saying it wants to be careful in disseminating information and to safeguard the integrity of the site. Roche would not speak to the condition of the house. “You can walk inside it.”

The archaeologist and Willkens believe the structure can be saved.

Next steps in making the idea a reality

As stated earlier, the effort to save the house, give it permanent protection and have it help tell the story of the Atlanta Campaign is a long one.

A 1953 Wallis house marker along busy Burnt Hickory Road (Picket photo)

Cobb County, just northwest of Atlanta, for years saw an incredible housing boom and development. While that was a boon for newcomers, preservationists and historians decried the loss of Civil War sites or land to development.

Now there’s an opportunity to offer something new in the telling of the battle.

“We are excited things are going on at the house,” said Roche. NPS historians visited the site just last week.

Much remains to be done. An engineer will need to study the feasibility of making repairs and restoring the Wallis house to its wartime appearance.

Thousands of cars travel past the house each day (Picket photo)

And officials will need to consider the cost of the project, its risks (concerns about vandalism) and rewards (enhanced interpretation). Major improvements on both sites could run into the millions of dollars. One feature now in place is a parking lot at the entrance of the subdivision allowing access to Signal Hill.

All of this will go in to the historic structure report (HSR), which is an involved process involving a lot of back and forth. “When we receive the recommendations from the HSR on how to proceed with either rehabilitation or restoration of the house, we will release the plans to the public for comment,” said Roche.

The archaeologist said acquiring such a historical treasure this many years later is not common, “which is why it is exciting.”

“We are really excited about hopefully being able to interpret this to the public,” said Roche.